GC: n S : BBC – https://bbc.in/2TB1LED (last access: 7 February 2019); MarMus – https://bit.ly/2I06uOG (last access: 7 February 2019). N: 1. c.1300 (mid-13c. as a surname), from Latin pirata “sailor, corsair, sea robber” (source of Spanish, Italian pirata, Dutch piraat, German Pirat), literally “one who attacks (ships),” from Greek

GC: n S: SDir – https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/tar-pitch (last access: 12 September 2024); Deza – https://www.deza.cz/en/node/78085 (last access: 12 September 2024). N: 1. pitch (n.) (n.2): “resinous substance, wood tar,” late 12c., pich, from Old English pic “pitch,” from a Germanic borrowing (Old Saxon and Old Frisian pik, Middle Dutch pik, Dutch

GC: n S: MSD — https://www.msdmanuals.com/home/drugs/over-the-counter-drugs/placebos (last access: 17 January 2025); HH- https://www.health.harvard.edu/staying-healthy/the-real-power-of-placebos (last access: 17 January 2025). N: 1. placebo: early 13c., name given to the rite of Vespers of the Office of the Dead, so called from the opening of the first antiphon, “I will please the Lord

GC: n S: NCBI – https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513296/ (last access: 2 February 2025); HHP – https://www.health.harvard.edu/newsletter_article/the-power-of-the-placebo-effect (last access: 2 February 2025). N: 1. – placebo (n): early 13c., name given to the rite of Vespers of the Office of the Dead, so called from the opening of the first antiphon, “I will

GC: n S: WHO – http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs267/en/ (last access: 28 February 2016); CDC – http://www.cdc.gov/plague/ (last access: 12 November 2013). N: 1. late 14c., plage, “affliction, calamity, evil, scourge;” early 15c., “malignant disease,” from Old French plage (14c.), from Late Latin plaga, used in Vulgate for “pestilence,” from Latin plaga “stroke,

GC: n S: ScHist – https://www.sciencehistory.org/education/classroom-activities/role-playing-games/case-of-plastics/history-and-future-of-plastics/ (last access: 29 December 2024); UNEP – https://www.unep.org/interactives/beat-plastic-pollution/ (last access: 29 December 2024). N: 1. 1905, “solid substance that can be molded,” originally of dental molds, from plastic (adj.). The main current meaning, “synthetic product made from oil derivatives,” is recorded by 1909, used

GC: n S: NCBI – https://bit.ly/2B7UiVT (last access: 9 October 2019); URMC – https://bit.ly/2m0jbvT (last access: 9 October 2019). N: 1. 1895, formed in English from “plate” (mid-13c., “flat sheet of gold or silver,” also “flat, round coin,” from Old French plate “thin piece of metal” (late 12c.), from Medieval

GC: n S: MD – http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/120497-overview (last access: 7 May 2017); NCBI – https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3618840/ (last access: 20 March 2018). N: 1. – Plummer (pn): Henry S. Plummer (1874-1936) was graduated M.D. from North-Western University in 1898. He practiced with his father in Racine, Minnesota, for a period before he joined

GC: n S: MedlinePlus – http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000145.htm (last access: 27 August 2014); DORLAND. N: 1. c.1600, from Modern Latin, from Greek pneumonia “inflammation of the lungs,” from pneumon “lung,” altered (perhaps by influence of pnein “to breathe”) from pleumon “lung,” literally “floater,” probably cognate with Latin pulmo (see pulmonary), from PIE

GC: n S: NCBI – https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441885/ (last access: 17 August 2021); NHS – https://www.ouh.nhs.uk/patient-guide/leaflets/files/11653Ppneumothorax.pdf (last access: 17 August 2021). N: 1. 1821, from French pneumothorax (1803), coined by French physician Jean Marc Gaspard Itard (1774-1838) from Greek pneumon “lung”. 2. Pneumothorax is defined by the presence of air in the

GC: n S: WHO – http://www.who.int/ipcs/poisons/en/ (last access: 21 June 2016); (last access: 21 June 2016); WHO – http://www.who.int/ipcs/poisons/info_products/en/ (last access: 21 June 2016); http://www.emedicinehealth.com/poisoning/article_em.htm (last access: 21 June 2016): N: 1. 1200-50; Middle English puisun < Old French < Latin pōtiōn- (stem of pōtiō) drink, potion, poisonous draught. 2.

See poliomyelitis

GC: n S: WHO – https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/poliomyelitis (last access: 13 April 2024); CDC – https://www.cdc.gov/polio/what-is-polio/index.htm (last access: 13 April 2024). N: 1. 1874, also polio-myelitis, coined by German physician Adolph Kussmaul (1822-1902) from Greek polios “grey” (see fallow (adj.)) + myelos “marrow” + -itis “inflammation.” So called because the gray matter

GC: n S: NCBI – http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/68017955 (last access: 8 October 2015); GOV.UK – https://www.gov.uk/government/news/poliovirus-detected-in-sewage-from-north-and-east-london (last access: 13 September 2024). N: 1. polio- (in poliomyelitis) + virus, later taken as New Latin. The first known use of poliovirus was in 1939. an enterovirus (species Poliovirus) occurring in three distinct serotypes that

GC: n S: http://www.sais-jhu.edu/cmtoolkit/issues-in-practice/humanitarian-aid/dilemmas-political.htm (last access: 16 July 2012); http://www.co.portage.wi.us/groundwater/action/pol.htm (last access: 1 September 2014). N: 1. – political (adj): 1550s, “pertaining to a polity, civil affairs, or government;” from Latin politicus “of citizens or the state” + -al. Meaning “taking sides in party politics” (usually pejorative) is from 1749.

See Sierterm: https://sierterm.es/content/pollution

GC: n S: MAYO – https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pcos/symptoms-causes/syc-20353439 (last access: 17 December 2024); NHS – https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/polycystic-ovary-syndrome-pcos/ (last access: 17 December 2024). N: 1. –  polycystic (adj): from “poly-” (Ancient Greek πολύς (polús, “many, much”)) and “-cystic” (Middle French cystique, from Ancient Greek κύστις (kústis)). – ovary (n): from Modern Latin ovarium “ovary” (16c.),

GC: n S: WHO – https://www.who.int/influenza/gisrs_laboratory/pcr_working_group/en/ (last access: 10 April 2020); NHS – https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/acute-lymphoblastic-leukaemia/diagnosis/ (last access: 10 April 2020). N: 1. PCR: polymerase chain reaction. 2. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), a technique used to make numerous copies of a specific segment of DNA quickly and accurately. The polymerase chain reaction enables investigators to obtain

GC: n S: http://www.healthline.com/health/polyps (last access: 5 August 2017); WebMD – http://www.webmd.com/colorectal-cancer/tc/colon-polyps-treatment-overview (last access: 5 August 2017). N: 1. c. 1400, “nasal tumor,” from Middle French polype and directly from Latin polypus “cuttlefish,” also “nasal tumor,” from Greek (Doric, Aeolic) polypos “octopus, cuttlefish,” from polys “many” (from PIE root *pele-

GC: n S: CDC – https://www.shorturl.at/owAEK (last access: 4 September 2014); EUROSTAT – https://www.shorturl.at/hstS2 (last access: 6 October 2014). N: 1. – population (n): 1610s, from Late Latin populationem (nominative populatio) “a people; a multitude,” as if from Latin populus “a people”. Population explosion is first attested 1953. – at

See Portuguese man-of-war

GC: n S: NatGeo – https://on.natgeo.com/2IJNkeU (last access: 1 July 2019); NOAA – https://bit.ly/2JQ69eq (last access: 1 July 2019). N: 1. – Portuguese (adj): 1610s as a noun, the language, or a resident, of Portugal; 1660s as an adjective, from Portuguese Portuguez (see Portugal + -ese). The ending was vulgarly

GC: n S: http://pharmafactz.com/what-is-pharmacology/ (last access: 29 June 2017); http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Presentation/2013/01/WC500137015.pdf (last access: 29 June 2017). N: 1. 1805–15; < Greek póso(s) how much + -logy. The branch of pharmacology dealing with the determination of dosage. 2. A branch of medical science concerned with dosage. 3. As nouns the difference between

GC: n S: RG – https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Berthold-Gersons/publication/21672880_Post-traumatic_stress_disorder_The_history_of_a_recent_concept_British_Journal_of_Psychiatry_161_742-748/links/5cd680fb299bf14d9589cadc/Post-traumatic-stress-disorder-The-history-of-a-recent-concept-British-Journal-of-Psychiatry-161-742-748.pdf (last access: 20 April 2021); NCBI – https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3182008/ (last access: 20 April 2021). N: 1. – post-: Word-forming element meaning “after,” from Latin post “behind, after, afterward,” from *pos-ti (source also of Arcadian pos, Doric poti “toward, to, near, close by;” Old Church Slavonic