GC: n

S: AdvocKhoj – https://www.advocatekhoj.com/library/bareacts/judgesinquiry/3.php?Title=Judges%20 (last access: 5 January 2025); RESG – https://www.researchgate.net/publication/385961698_Working_as_a_judge_or_being_a_judge (last access: 5 January 2025).

N: 1. Mid-14c., “public officer appointed to administer the law” (early 13c. as a surname), also judge-man; from Old French juge, from Latin iudex “one who declares the law” (source also of Spanish juez, Italian giudice), a compound of ius “right, law” (see just (adj.)) + root of dicere “to say” (from PIE root deik- “to show,” also “pronounce solemnly”).

Extended from late 14c. to persons to decide any sort of contest; from 1550s as “one qualified to pronounce opinion.” In Jewish history, it refers to a war leader vested with temporary power (as in Book of Judges), from Latin iudex being used to translate Hebrew shophet.

2.  A judge is a person who is in charge of a trial in a court and decides how a person who is guilty of a crime should be punished, or who makes decisions on legal matters:

• a British high-court judge.
• a US Supreme Court judge.

3. Also known as: judex, justice.

• judge, public official vested with the authority to hear, determine, and preside over legal matters brought in a court of law.
• In jury cases, the judge presides over the selection of the panel and instructs it concerning pertinent law. The judge also may rule on motions made before or during a trial. Also, in countries with a civil-law tradition, a more active role customarily has been assigned to the judge than in countries with a common-law tradition. In civil-law courts the procedure is inquisitorial—i.e., judges do most of the questioning of witnesses and have a responsibility to discover the facts. In common-law courts the procedure is adversarial—i.e., the lawyers for each side do most of the questioning of witnesses and the presentation of evidence.

4. Courts: judge.

• One invested with authority to determine any cause or question in a court of judicature.

Courts; Occupation Names (General); Legal Profession: Organization: puisne Justice, puisne judge (Canada, Great Britain), judge, associate judge (United States).

5. Collocations:

• Adj: experienced | learned | senior | presiding, trial | deputy | appeal (court), appellate, circuit, county court, district, federal, High Court, Supreme Court.
• Verb + judge: be, sit as By next year you could be sitting as a High Court judge. | appoint (sb as).
• judge + verb: preside, sit Which judge will be sitting next week? | call sb The judge called the remaining witness for the Crown. | direct sb The judge must direct the jury on points of law. | consider sth | accept sth, admit sth The judge admitted the notes of the interview as evidence. | dismiss sth, refuse sth, reject sth The trial judge dismissed her compensation claim. | conclude sth, decide sth, find sth, hold sth, rule sth, uphold sth The judge held that the company had been negligent. | sum up The judge summed up and the jury retired to consider its verdict. | sentence sb | order sth The judge ordered the company to pay compensation to the claimant. | award (sb) sth, grant (sb) sth The judge awarded him damages of £20,000.

6.  Cultural Interrelation: We can mention The Judge (1922) by Rebecca West (1892–1983), a psychological novel that explores the complex dynamics between a young woman and her authoritarian father, who embodies the figure of a “judge” through his control over her life. This novel, in addition to addressing themes of power and manipulation, also highlights the protagonist’s struggle for independence.

Moreover, the 1976 French film The Judge and the Assassin, directed by Bertrand Tavernier, offers a crime drama based on a real-life case. It delves into the moral conflict between a judge and a brutal murderer, examining not only the psychological tension between the two, but also the broader themes of justice, law, and punishment. By focusing on the complex relationship between these two figures, the film challenges our perceptions of authority and the consequences of justice.

S: 1. Etymonline – https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=judge (last access: 5 January 2025). 2. CD – https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/judge (last access: 5 January 2025). 3. EncBrit – https://www.britannica.com/topic/judge-law (last access: 8 January 2025). 4. TERMIUM PLUS – https://www.btb.termiumplus.gc.ca/tpv2alpha/alpha-fra.html?lang=fra&i=1&srchtxt=judge&index=alt&codom2nd_wet=1#resultrecs (last access: 8 January 2025). 5. OD – https://www.freecollocation.com/search?word=judge (last access: 6 January 2025). 6. Amazon – https://www.amazon.com/Rebecca-Fiction-Literary-Romance-Historical/dp/1598189093 (last access: 7 January 2025); FA – https://www.filmaffinity.com/es/film197788.html (last access: 7 January 2025).

SYN:
S:

CR: judgment, trial, trial in camera, verdict.