GC: n

S: https://www.oxfam.org/en/pressroom/pressreleases/2015-12-30/weather-and-war-put-humanitarian-system-under-unprecedented (last access: 17 July 2016); http://edition.cnn.com/2015/12/30/weather/el-nino-1016-effects/ (last access: 17 July 2016).

N: 1. Middle English weder, from Old English; akin to Old High German wetar weather, Old Church Slavic vetrŭ wind
First Known Use: before 12th century
2. State of the atmosphere at a particular time, as defined by the various meteorological elements.
3. Weather is basically the way the atmosphere is behaving, mainly with respect to its effects upon life and human activities. The difference between weather and climate is that weather consists of the short-term (minutes to months) changes in the atmosphere. Most people think of weather in terms of temperature, humidity, precipitation, cloudiness, brightness, visibility, wind, and atmospheric pressure, as in high and low pressure.
In most places, weather can change from minute-to-minute, hour-to-hour, day-to-day, and season-to-season. Climate, however, is the average of weather over time and space. An easy way to remember the difference is that climate is what you expect, like a very hot summer, and weather is what you get, like a hot day with pop-up thunderstorms.
4. The difference between weather and climate is a measure of time. Weather is what conditions of the atmosphere are over a short period of time, and climate is how the atmosphere “behaves” over relatively long periods of time.
When we talk about climate change, we talk about changes in long-term averages of daily weather. Today, children always hear stories from their parents and grandparents about how snow was always piled up to their waists as they trudged off to school. Children today in most areas of the country haven’t experienced those kinds of dreadful snow-packed winters, except for the Northeastern U.S. in January 2005. The change in recent winter snows indicate that the climate has changed since their parents were young.
If summers seem hotter lately, then the recent climate may have changed. In various parts of the world, some people have even noticed that springtime comes earlier now than it did 30 years ago. An earlier springtime is indicative of a possible change in the climate.
In addition to long-term climate change, there are shorter term climate variations. This so-called climate variability can be represented by periodic or intermittent changes related to El Niño, La Niña, volcanic eruptions, or other changes in the Earth system.

S: 1. MW – http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/weather (last access: 17 July 2016). 2. METEOTERM – International Meteorological Vocabulary, WMO – No. 182 (last access: 17 July 2016). 3 & 4. NASA – http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/noaa-n/climate/climate_weather.html (last access: 17 July 2016).

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CR: climatology, meteorology.