GC: n
S: Teruya, J. – https://link-springer-com.ezproxy.universidadeuropea.es/content/pdf/10.1007%2F978-3-319-30726-8.pdf (last access: 16 April 2021); NIH – https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-topics/disseminated-intravascular-coagulation (last access: 2 August 2021).
N: 1. – disseminated (v.): c. 1600, “to scatter or sow for propagation,” from Latin disseminatus, past participle of disseminare “to spread abroad, disseminate,” from dis- “in every direction”.
– intravascular (adj.): borrowed from Latin intra (“within”) and from New Latin vasculāris, from Latin vasculum, diminutive of vas (“vessel”).
– coagulation (n.): c. 1400, coagulacioun, “act of changing from a fluid to a thickened state,” from Latin coagulationem (nominative coagulatio), noun of action from past participle stem of coagulare “cause to curdle”.
2. DIC is an acquired syndrome characterized by the intravascular activation of coagulation with the loss of localization arising from different causes, and by the generation of fibrin related markers and reflects an acquired (inflammatory) or non-inflammatory disorder of the microvasculature.
3. There are two clinical forms of DIC:
- Acute DIC: is a hemorrhagic disorder characterized by multiple bruises (ecchymoses), bleeding from mucosal sites (such as lips and genitals) and depletion of platelets and clotting factors in the blood. It is sometimes associated with symmetrical peripheral gangrene (tissue death affecting hands and feet).
- Chronic DIC: is subtler and involves the formation of blood clots in blood vessels (thromboembolism). Clotting factors and platelets may be normal, increased, or moderately decreased in chronic DIC.
– Besides, depending on the sum of vectors from hypercoagulation and hyperfibrinolysis, DIC can be classified into four types:
Bleeding type or hyperfibrinolysis predominance: it is often seen in patients with leukemia, obstetric diseases, and aortic aneurysm.
Organ failure or hypercoagulation type: organ is the main symptom, mostly found in patients with sepsis.
Massive bleeding or consumptive type: in this type, both hypercoagulation and hyperfibrinolysis are strongly present which causes massive bleeding following death. It is more common after major surgery and in obstetric diseases.
4. Triggering events that may predispose patients to DIC include alterations in the endothelium, extravascular trauma, abruptio placentae, amniotic fluid embolism, low platelet (HELLP) syndrome/eclampsia, leukemia, retained fetal syndrome, liver disease, renal disease, and lymphoproliferative disorders. In addition, DIC can also be triggered by trauma including shock, snakebites, hypothermia, and extensive tissue damage, such as in myocardial infarction and eclampsia.
S: 1. OED – https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=disseminated+, https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=coagulation (last access: 14 April 2021); Wiktionary – https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/intra-#English, https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/vascular#English (last access: 14 April 2021). 2. Wada, H. – https://bit.ly/3e6MFDJ (last access: 16 April 2021). 3. DermNet – https://dermnetnz.org/topics/disseminated-intravascular-coagulation/ (last access 3 March 2021); Ashok, P.- https://bit.ly/3rjIXdB (last access: 16 April 2021). 4. Turgeon, M. L. – https://bit.ly/38QYWZN (last access: 16 April 2021).
SYN: diffuse intravascular coagulation, acute defibrination syndrome, defibrination syndrome, consumptive coagulopathy, consumptive thrombohemorrhagic disroder.
S: TERMIUM PLUS – https://www.btb.termiumplus.gc.ca/tpv2alpha/alpha-eng.html?lang=eng&i=1&srchtxt=DIC&codom2nd_wet=1#resultrecs (last access: 12 April 2021)
