GC: n

S: NCBI – http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK357/ (last access: 2 December 2014); DORLAND p. 582.

N: 1. From Greek: dys- (no, negation) and -pneo (blow, breath).
2. Breathlessness or shortness of breath; difficult or labored respiration.
3. There are several types of dyspnea. Cardiac dyspnea: caused by heart disease; exertional dyspnea: provroked by physical effort or exertion; expiratory dyspnea: caused by hindrance to the free exhalation of air from the lungs; functional dyspnea: not attributable to organic disease, often associated with anxiety states; inspiratory dyspnea: caused by hindrance to the free inhalation of air into the lungs; nocturnal dyspnea: that is minimal inthe morning, and may gradually progress until it becomes severe at night; nonexpansional dyspnea: caused by inadequate expansion of the chest; orthostatic dyspnea: experienced when in the erect position; paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea: episodes of respiratory distress that awaken patients from sleep and are related to posture (especially reclining at night), usually attributed to congestive heart failure with pulmonary edema but sometimes occurring in patients with chronic pulmonary disease; renal dyspnea: attributable to anemia or volume overload associated with kidney disease.
4. The second most important symptom of lung disease is dyspnea, or shortness of breath. This sensation, of complex origin, may arise acutely, as when a foreign body is inhaled into the trachea, or with the onset of a severe attack of asthma. More often, it is insidious in onset and slowly progressive.

S: 1. ETYMAG p. 105 – https://archive.org/details/etymagraecaetymo00wharuoft (last access: 2 December 2014). 2 & 3. DORLAND p. 582. 4. EncBrit – http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/541802/shortness-of-breath (last access: 10 December 2014).

OV: dyspnoea (UK)

S: http://www.patient.co.uk/search.asp?searchterm=DYSPNOEA (last access: 10 December 2014)

SYN: anhelation, short-windedness (fallen into abeyance).

S: GDT (last access: 2 December 2014)

CR: asthenia, bradycardia, fatigue.