GC: n

S: http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=25769 (last access: 2 September 2015); http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2856357/ (last access: 2 September 2015); DORLAND.

N: 1. Botulinum toxin, also called “miracle poison,” is one of the most poisonous biological substances known. It is a neurotoxin produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum, an anaerobic, gram-positive, spore-forming rod commonly found on plants, in soil, water and the intestinal tracts of animals. A. B. Scott first demonstrated the effectiveness of botulinum toxin type A for the management of strabismus in humans. Subsequently, botulinum toxin was approved for the treatment of numerous disorders of spasticity and a host of other conditions. Currently it is used in almost every sub-specialty of medicine. In 2002, the FDA approved the use of Botox® (Botulinum toxin-A) for the cosmetic purpose of temporarily reducing glabeller forehead frown lines.
2. botulinum toxin (pathology): poisoning by a toxin, called botulinum toxin, produced by Clostridium botulinum bacteria. This poisoning results most frequently from the eating of improperly sterilized home-canned foods containing the toxin. Botulism also may result from wound infection.

S: 1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2856357/; http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1128745/ (last access: 7 November 2013). 2. EncBrit.

SYN: 1. botulinus toxin, botulinal toxin. 2. BTX, botulinus toxin, botulinal toxin, botulin, botulismotoxin.

S: 1. DORLAND. 2. GDT.

CR: botulism