GC: n

S: NU – http://www.asahi-net.or.jp/~ns3s-mrym/autopo.htm (last access: 25 October 2016); SageJournal – http://tcs.sagepub.com/content/23/2-3/116.extract (last access: 30 October 2016).

N: 1. Autopoiesis is a compound word: auto meaning oneself and by itself, and poiesis meaning production, creation, and formation. Hence, the word autopoiesis literally is “self-production, and self-creation”.
Coined by two Chilean biologist, H.R. Maturama and F.J. Varela in their 1984 book called The Tree of Knowledge: The Biological Roots of Human Understanding.

2. An autopoiesis system is a system that produces organizations continuously which in fact put the system-itself “by itself” in motion. In one circulation of productive process, components of the system produce components that are needed to maintain the system in mutual action. That is, components produce the organization, which solely produce components through their function. By this definition autopoiesis system makes a clearly closed region, that is, its own boundary of action, a “self” region. Autopoiesis system regulates its boundary by and for itself, and not by and for an observer’s points of view.

3. Niklaus Luhmann, a German sociologist, with his keen insight found this system applicable to his theory in which he deliberately goes further to show that any social systems, including legal and economic etc., are likened to a neuron- and a mind-system. These are exactly the same autopoietic systems with the life system.

S: 1. NU – http://www.asahi-net.or.jp/~ns3s-mrym/autopo.htm (last access: 25 October 2016); EJ – https://ejournals.library.ualberta.ca/index.php/complicity/article/view/8773 (last access: 25 October 2016). 2 & 3. NU – http://www.asahi-net.or.jp/~ns3s-mrym/autopo.htm (last access: 25 October 2016).

SYN:
S:

CR: artificial intelligence, computational intelligence, cybernetics.