GC: n
S: WHO – https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2023-DON498 (last access: 22 September 2024); CDC – https://emergency.cdc.gov/han/2024/han00511.asp (last access: 22 September 2024).
N: 1. – dengue (n). 1828, from West Indian Spanish dengue, from an African source, perhaps Swahili dinga “seizure, cramp,” form influenced by Spanish dengue “prudery” (perhaps because sufferers walk stiffly and erect due to painful joints). The disease is African, introduced to the West Indies 1827.
– virus (n): Late 14c., “venomous substance,” from Latin virus “poison, sap of plants, slimy liquid, a potent juice. Main modern meaning “agent that causes infectious disease” first recorded 1728.
2. Terms in use: dengue virus, DENV, DEN virus.
- The dengue virus is the etiologic agent of dengue in humans and also occurring in monkeys and chimpanzees, usually as inapparent infections; four serotypes are recognized; transmission is effected by mosquitoes of the genus Aedes.
3. Microbiology and Parasitology; Viral Diseases: dengue virus.
- A positive-strand RNA virus translated into a single 350 kDa [kiloDaltons] polyprotein, causing either dengue fever or hemorrhagic dengue.
4. Transmission through the mosquito bite
The dengue virus is transmitted to humans through the bites of infected female mosquitoes, primarily the Aedes aegypti mosquito. Other species within the Aedes genus can also act as vectors, but their contribution is normally secondary to Aedes aegypti. However, in 2023, a surge in local transmission of dengue by Aedes albopictus (tiger mosquito) has been seen in Europe.
After feeding on a infected person, the virus replicates in the mosquito midgut before disseminating to secondary tissues, including the salivary glands. The time it takes from ingesting the virus to actual transmission to a new host is termed the extrinsic incubation period (EIP). The EIP takes about 8–12 days when the ambient temperature is between 25–28°C. Variations in the extrinsic incubation period are not only influenced by ambient temperature; several factors such as the magnitude of daily temperature fluctuations, virus genotype, and initial viral concentration can also alter the time it takes for a mosquito to transmit the virus. Once infectious, the mosquito can transmit the virus for the rest of its life.
5. Human-to-mosquito transmission
Mosquitoes can become infected by people who are viremic with the dengue virus. This can be someone who has a symptomatic dengue infection, someone who is yet to have a symptomatic infection (they are pre-symptomatic), and also someone who shows no signs of illness (they are asymptomatic).
Human-to-mosquito transmission can occur up to 2 days before someone shows symptoms of the illness, and up to 2 days after the fever has resolved.
The risk of mosquito infection is positively associated with high viremia and high fever in the patient; conversely, high levels of DENV-specific antibodies are associated with a decreased risk of mosquito infection. Most people are viremic for about 4–5 days, but viremia can last as long as 12 days.
6. Risk factors
Previous infection with DENV increases the risk of the individual developing severe dengue.
Urbanization (especially unplanned), is associated with dengue transmission through multiple social and environmental factors: population density, human mobility, access to reliable water source, water storage practice etc.
Community risks to dengue also depend on a population’s knowledge, attitude and practice towards dengue, as the exposure is closely related to behaviours such as water storage, plant keeping, and self-protection against mosquito bites. Routine vector surveillance and control activities engaging community greatly enhances a community’s resilience.
Vectors might adapt to new environments and climate. The interaction between dengue virus, the host and the environment is dynamic. Consequently, disease risks may change and shift with climate change in tropical and subtropical areas, in combination with increased urbanization and movement of populations.
S: 1. Etymonline – https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=dengue+virus (last access: 22 September 2024). 2. GDT – https://vitrinelinguistique.oqlf.gouv.qc.ca/fiche-gdt/fiche/17013120/virus-de-la-dengue (last access: 22 September 2024). 3. TERMIUM PLUS – https://www.btb.termiumplus.gc.ca/tpv2alpha/alpha-eng.html?lang=eng&i=1&srchtxt=dengue+virus&index=alt&codom2nd_wet=1#resultrecs (last access: 22 September 2024). 4 to 6. WHO – https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/dengue-and-severe-dengue (last access: 22 September 2024).
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