GC: n

S: UMD – http://cort.as/nDtb (last access: 21 October 2016); BSCB – http://cort.as/nDtO/ (last access: 21 October 2016).

N: 1. 1958, coined by U.S. microbiologist Richard B. Roberts (1910-1980) from ribo(nucleic acid) (from ribose, the principal sugar in RNA) + -some (Greek soma,”body”).
2. They are large (2.5 MD molecular weight or larger) macromolecular complexes composed of RNA (2/3) and protein (1/3). Ribosomes read the nucleotide sequence of a messenger RNA (mRNA) into a protein sequence, using the genetic code.
3. Difference Between Ribosome & Ribosomal DNA:Ribosomes are cell organelles that help produce new proteins within the cells. Ribosomal DNA (or rDNA) is the DNA segments that provide the gene code for the ribosomal RNA (or rRNA) that are made inside the cell nucleus. Ribosomal RNA molecules are the strucural components of the ribosome.
4. The RNA complexes were observed and discovered by cell biologist from Rome George Palade in the mid-1950s with the use of a high-powered electron microscope. Because of his discovery, Palade received the Nobel Prize. However, the name was given in 1958 by scientist Richard B. Roberts.
Palade identified ribosomes when he and collaborator Philip Siekevit analyzed the molecules that are connected to the endoplasmic reticulum in 1955. The two scientists found that the RNA complexes are essential to the production of protein needed by the cell.
5. In mammals there are about 80 ribosomal proteins (r-proteins) that are structural components of the ribosome, with some of them also participating in the control of the translation process. Many r-proteins have roles in the processing of pre-rRNA during ribosome biogenesis and are important for the assembly of the ribosomal subunits. Some have additionally been shown to have extraribosomal functions, but in general, their known functions are in ribosome biogenesis or in its surveillance.102,103 Surprisingly, it was discovered that haploinsufficiency of some r-proteins leads to diseases of the bone marrow such as Diamond Blackfan anemia and the 5q− syndrome.

S: 1. OED – http://goo.gl/84N1gZ (last access: 27 October 2016); FBCBB – http://goo.gl/wiFcxU (last access: 21 October 2016 ); 2. UCSC – http://goo.gl/EoqWWR (last access: 21 October 2016); 3. EH – http://goo.gl/9ic5Gy (last access: 21 October 2016); 4. WDI – http://goo.gl/Hz2AAZ (last access: 21 October 2016); 5. PMC NCBI – http://goo.gl/ne1Sq9 (last access: 21 October 2016).

SYN: organelle

S: BSCB – http://goo.gl/6rAe2I (last access: 21 October 2016)

CR: DNA, RNA, translation (2).