GC n

S: GCH – http://www.generalchemical.com/Water-clarification.html (last access: 4 December 2013); http://www.h2ou.com/h2trtmntstages.htm (last access: & July 2015).

N: 1. 1610s, “act of clearing or refining” (especially of liquid substances), from French clarification, from Late Latin clarificationem (nominative clarificatio), noun of action from past participle stem of clarificare (see clarify). The meaning “statement revising or expanding an earlier statement but stopping short of a correction” is attested by 1969, originally in newspapers.
2. Water clarification is the process for making water suitable for a specific application or for discharge into public waters.
3. Untreated water can contain a variety of contaminants that require removal prior to end use, including clays, heavy metals, color bodies, organics, pathogenic bacteria, giardia cysts, and viruses.
4. Clarification for the production of drinking water utilizes the combined action of chemical coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, filtration, and disinfection. Inorganic coagulants are proven to be effective in water clarification.
5. A process in which particles are settled out in a large quiescent tank releasing clearer water as effluent. (Definition standardized by ISO).
6. clarification: term standardized by ISO.

S: 1. OED – http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?allowed_in_frame=0&search=clarification&searchmode=none (last access: 3 September 2014). 2, 3 & 4. GCH – http://www.generalchemical.com/Water-clarification.html (last access: 4 December 2013). 5 & 6. TERMIUMPLUS.

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CR: flocculation, .